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┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐│
││ CIA FACT BOOK 94 ││
││ REPORT ON TURKEY ││
│└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘│
│ TOP SECRET deºil │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
──Turkey────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────────
GEOGRAPHY
─────────
Location: Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is
sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Mediterranean Sea and
Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran
Map references: Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of
the World
Area:
total area 780,580 sq km
land area 770,760 sq km
comparative area slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries: total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km,3
Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331
km, Syria 822 kmCaslie: 7,200 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary
agreed upon with the former USSR
territorial sea 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in the Black Sea and in
the Mediterranean Sea
Inerntional disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial)
disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question
with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq)
over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher
in interior
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau
(Anatolia)
Natural resources:antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate,
sulphur, iron ore
Land use:
arable land 30%
permaent crops 4%
meadows and pastures 12%
forest and woodland 26%
other 28%
Irrigated land: 22,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
cuent issues water pollution from dumping of chemicals and
detergents; air pollution; deforestation
natural hazards subject to very severe earthquakes, especially in
northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to
Lake Van
international agreements party to - Air Pollution, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified -
Biodiversity, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus,
Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas
──────
PEOPLE
──────
Population: 62,153,898 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.02% (1994 est.)
Birth rate: 25.98 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Deathrate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 48.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life
expectancy at birth: total population 70.94 years
male 68.61 years
female 73.38 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.21 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun Turk(s)
adjective Turkish
Ethnic divsions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and
Jews)
Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population 81%
male 90%
female 71%
Labor force: 20.8 million
by ocupation agriculture 48%, services 32%, industry 20%
note about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1993)
──────────
GOVERNMENT
──────────
Names:
conventional long form Republic of Turkey
conventional short form Turkey
lclng form Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form Turkiye
Digraph: TU
Typ: republican parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ankara
Turkey
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular - il);
Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin,
Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu,
Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne,
Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane,
Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras,
Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,
Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus,
Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt,
Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van,
Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29
October (1923)
Consttution: 7 November 1982
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993)
National Security Council advisory body to the President and the
Cabinet
cabinet Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on nomination
of the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral
Turkish GradNational Assembly (Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi)
elections last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996);
results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%,
SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115,
SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5
note seats held by various parties are subject to change due to
defections, creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting
deputies; present seats by party are as follows: DYP 178, ANAP 101,
SHP 55, RP 39, CHP 18, MHP 13, DEP 13, BBP 7, DSP 3, YP 3, MP 2,
independents 10, vacant 8
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
Poltical parties and leaders: Correct Way Party (DYP), Tansu CILLER;
Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist
Party (SHP), Murat KARAYALCIN; Welfare Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN;
Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Action Party
(MHP), Alparslan TURKES; Democracy Party (DEP), Hatip DICLE; Socialist
Unity Party (SBP), Sadun AREN; New Party (YP), Yusuf Bozkurt OZAL;
Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Labor Party (IP), Dogu
PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP),
Aydin MENDERES; Grand Unity Party (BBP), Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth
Party (YDP), Hasan Celal GUZEL; People's Democracy Party (HADEP),
Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party (ANAYOL), Gurcan BASER; Democratic
Target Party, Abdul Kadir Yasar TURK
Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor
(TURK-IS), Bayram MERAL
Member of: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE,
EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UPU, WEU
(associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR
chancery 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone (202) 659-8200
consulate(s) general Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chifof mission Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY
embassy 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
mailing address PSC 93, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823
telephone [90] (312) 468-6110 through 6128
FAX [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general Istanbul
consulate(s) Adana
Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward
the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the
crescent opening
───────
ECONOMY
───────
Overview: In early 1994, after an impressive economic performance
through most of the 1980s, Turkey faces its most damaging economic
crisis in the last 15 years. Sparked by the downgrading in mid-January
of Turkey's international credit rating by two US credit rating
agencies, the crisis stems from two years of loose fiscal and monetary
policies that have exacerbated inflation and allowed the public debt,
money supply, and current account deficit to explode. Under Prime
Minister CILLER, Ankara has followed seriously flawed policies that
have destroyed public confidence in the government's ability to manage
economy. Inflation is now running at an annual rate of 107% and
the public sector deficit is equivalent to 16% of GDP. Turkish firms
have been hurt by high interest rates and a dramatic drop in consumer
demand. Three Turkish banks have folded and the stock market has
fallen 48% since the beginning of the year. Economic growth may drop
to between 0% and 2% in 1994, compared to 7.3% in 1993. Moreover, the
government is facing a severe cash crunch. In March 1994, the treasury
came close to defaulting on a loan, and official foreign currency
reserves are equal to less than two months' worth of imports. The
unprecedented effort by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) to raise
the economic costs of its insurgency against the Turkish state is
adding to Turkey's economic problems. Attacks against the tourism
industry have cut tourist revenues, which account for about 3% of GDP,
while economic activity in southeastern Turkey, where most of the
violence occurs, has dropped considerably. To cope with the economic
crisis and instill domestic and international investor confidence in
the fragile coalition government, CILLER has asked the IMF to endorse
a stabilization package she introduced in early April 1994.
Negotiations are underway for a standby agreement, which would give
Turkey access to $450 million this year and enable her cash-starved
government to return to the foreign capital markets.
National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $312.4 billion
(1993)
National product real growth rate: 7.3% (1993)
National product per capita: $5,100 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 65% (1993)
Unemployment rate: 12.2% (1993)
Budget:
revenues $36.5 billion
expenditures $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $5
billion (1994)
Exports: $14.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities manufactured products 72%, foodstuffs 23%, mining products 4%
partners EC countries 53%, US 6%, Russia 4%, Saudi Arabia 3%
Imports: $22.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities manufactured products 68%, fuels 17%, foodstuffs 4%
partners EC countries 44%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Russia 5%
External debt: $59.4 billion (1993)
Inusrial production: growth rate 4.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of
GDP
Electricity:
capacity 14,400,000 kW
production 44 billion kWh nsumpon per capita 750 kWh (1991)
Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper,
boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Agiculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and employs about half of working
force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses,
citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most
years
llicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes;
major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as
well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas
of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Economic aid:
recipient US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion
note aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991),
$4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
Currency: 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 15,196.1 (January 1994),
10,983.3 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990),
2,121.7 (1989)
Fiscal year: calendar year
──────────────
COMMUNICATIONS
──────────────
Railroads: 8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)
Highways:
total 320,611 km
paved 27,000 km (including 138 km of expressways)
unpaved gravel 18,500 km; earth 275,111 km (1988)
Inland waterways: about 1,200 km
Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural
gas 708 km
Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
Merchant marine: 390 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,664,205
GRT/8,163,379 DWT, bulk 103, cargo 195, chemical tanker 10,
combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas
4, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 41, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 5, short-sea passenger 7, specialized
tanker 2
Airports:
total 113
usable 105
with permanent-surface runways 69
with runways over 3,659 m 3
wth runways 2,440-3,659 m 32
with runways 1,220-2,439 m 27
Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk
radio relay microwave network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000
telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite
ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas)
and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable
──────────────
DEFENSE FORCES
──────────────
Branchs: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry),
Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 16,112,783; fit for military
service 9,828,853; reach military age (20)
annually 614,252 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 billion,
5.6% of GDP (1994 est.)